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Mullein (Verbascum spp.), sometimes called beggar’s blanket or old man’s flannel, is a part of the Scrophulariaceae (Figwort) family (1). The most common variety is Verbascum thapsus, sometimes called common mullein or woolly mullein (2). This biennial (meaning it takes two years to complete its biological life cycle) is native to North Africa, Asia, and Europe. Today, mullein grows wildly throughout most of the world. It loves highly disturbed, open areas with poor soil conditions, good drainage, and full sun. In the United States of America, we often see mullein on uncultivated land, along roadsides, high in the mountains, even in forest openings.
Botanical Name: Verbascum
Family: Scrophulariaceae (Figwort)
Parts Used: Flowers, leaves, roots
Energetics: Cooling, moistening
Key Constituents: Flavonoids, mucilage, polysaccharides, tannins, triterpenoid saponins, sterols, volatile oils
Herbal Actions: Anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, emollient, expectorant, lung tonic, vulnerary
Interested in learning more about herbal actions? Access my “Understanding Herbal Actions” guide, exclusively available in my Facebook group, The Holistic Hipppie Community!
In ancient times, mullein was used to make torches and candle wicks. Today, it is a popular natural remedy worldwide, thanks to its many health benefits. Rosemary Gladstar’s Medicinal Herbs: A Beginner’s Guide mentions mullein as a “favorite remedy” for glandular imbalances (common with diabetes, thyroid disorders, and PCOS). Rosemary Gladstar notes mullein is often combined with echinacea (Echinacea spp.) root and cleavers for this purpose. According to the Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, mullein is an excellent choice for coughs and congestion, more specifically tracheitis and bronchitis. They also share using mullein flowers steeped in olive oil for ear infections and hemorrhoids (3).
How to Identify & Forage Mullein in the Wild
The plant’s appearance will depend on its age, variety, and even its habitat location. Generally, first-year mullein plants are short, with grayish green leaves arranged in a circular pattern (a rosette). The leaves are fuzzy, can be oval or long, and are always wider in the middle, with pointed ends. The leaves range from 1 to 5 inches wide and 4 to 12 inches long (4).
Second-year plants still have a leaf rosette down near the ground, but an erect spike grows from the middle of it, reaching up to 8 feet tall. The second-year leaves will start to stand up in the middle of the rosette, where the central stalk will grow later in the season. The spike stalk turns to small, bright yellow flowers with flat, wide petals when it blooms (5). As I said, each mullein variety is a bit different, but once you have the general idea of identifying mullein, they’re all pretty easy to spot.
The leaves and flowers are typically collected during the summer. When harvesting from a first-year mullein plant, always pick the outer, larger leaves. You want to ensure the small inner rosette is intact so it continues to grow the following year. Mullein completes its life cycle at the end of its second year after the flowers self-sow. Self-seeding can be prevented by cutting off the flowering spike from its base. You’ll want to harvest second-year mullein leaves before the flower stalk shoots up.
If you plan to forage for mullein, be careful of look-alikes. Lamb’s ear (Stachys byzantina) looks similar with fuzzy leaves and is also popular in herbalism. However, foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) is a toxic plant with characteristics that resemble mullein (but without fuzzy leaves). Do not harvest or consume plants you’re unsure of.
Need help identifying a plant? I find the Facebook ID group, Plant Identification, super helpful.
Always harvest ethically and never collect from private property without direct permission. When harvesting, especially from public spaces, consider the impacts on native plant populations. If you’re unsure about the surrounding plants, be careful and avoid disturbing them, as they may also be an endangered or threatened species. Of course, we can always check the United Plant Savers Species At-Risk List. Remember, always be kind to the earth and harvest only what you need. Never take more than ⅓ of what’s available to ensure the survival of the plant. I highly recommend joining the Facebook groups Marvelous Mullein and Mullein Gardeners – Harvesting and Growing Mullein Plants, which have been amazing resources for me while learning about this plant.
Research-Backed Health Benefits of Mullein
There are over 300 species of mullein, and about a dozen have research that supports their use in herbal medicine. The most common mullein variety, Verbascum thapsus, is the overwhelming focus of modern scientific studies both in vitro (Latin for “in glass,” AKA test tube) and in vivo (Latin for “within the living”). Aside from Verbascum thapsus, I found studies that mention the following varieties: V. boerhavii, V. creticum, V. dentifolium Delile, V. densiflorum, V. giganteum, V. lychnitis, V. phlomoides, V. pulverulentum, V. sinuatum, V. rotundifolium, V. spinosum, V. thapsiforme, V. virgatum, and V. wiedemannianum.
Antibacterial Properties
An antibacterial property is when a substance, or in this case, an herb, can destroy or inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria (6). One study noted that mullein reduced the effects of isolated and standard Gram-negative bacteria strains, with Bacillus cereus being the most sensitive among the tested strains (7). Another study showed the antibacterial properties of mullein water extracts against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Staphylococcus aureus (8). A final study found mullein and red clover extracts effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multiple skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI)-associated bacteria (9).
Antiviral Properties
Some test-tube studies indicate that mullein may have potent antiviral properties. An antiviral property is when a substance, or in this case, an herb, can kill a virus or inhibit its ability to replicate, multiply, or reproduce (10). One study found that combining the medication amantadine with Verbascum thapsiforme improved antiviral activity against influenza (11). Another study showed mullein has antiviral activity against influenza A without other medication (12). A final study notes the antiviral activity of mullein against herpesvirus type 1 (13). Even mainstream sources acknowledge mullein’s strong antiviral effects (14).
Anti-Inflammatory Properties
Although inflammation is a natural bodily response, chronic inflammation can have detrimental effects on health. Chronic inflammation is linked to many diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, asthma, and certain cancers (15). One study notes that the plant compounds in Verbascum phlomoides, including polyphenols, help combat inflammation (16). Studies indicate mullein reduces inflammation and helps relax the muscles in the respiratory tract (17,18). Another study showed that mullein’s anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoarthritic properties are similar to those of devil’s claw (Harpagophytum procumbens), but with fewer cytotoxic effects (19).
Astringent & Pain-Relieving Properties
An astringent property occurs when a substance, in this case an herb, can cause the contraction or shrinkage of tissues and the drying up of secretions (20). Astringent herbs reduce mucus to remove infection or unwanted bacteria from skin wounds. One study found that mullein’s astringent properties can treat hemorrhoids and diarrhea (21). Another study discovered that mullein ear drops were as effective as anesthetics for middle ear infections (22).
May Promote Respiratory Health
Chronic lower respiratory diseases, such as asthma and COPD, are the sixth leading cause of death in the United States (23). These respiratory diseases often require controlling inflammation for proper respiratory health management (24,25). Thankfully, mullein leaves, flowers, and roots contain saponins that help rid the body of phlegm and mucilage.
Traditionally, mullein was used for tuberculosis (26). Throughout history, mullein has helped with coughs, bronchitis, asthma, and just about every respiratory issue. Native Americans often smoke mullein for asthmatic relief and make mullein tea from the plant’s roots to calm coughs (27). One study notes that mullein’s cough-relieving properties are due to the plant’s mucilages, which are responsible for its antitussive and expectorant actions (28). Even mainstream sources acknowledge the historical use of mullein to treat respiratory conditions such as bronchitis, tuberculosis, and asthma, as well as tonsillitis, colds, and coughs (29). I use MaryRuth’s Organic Respiratory Health Liquid Extract when I don’t have my homemade simple mullein tincture.
May Promote Skin Health
Skin health is important. The skin covers the entire external surface of the human body, making it the largest organ (30). It is a protective barrier that prevents germs from entering the body (31). Mullein has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, making it exceptionally soothing for the skin.
Mullein has been used to help eczema, exanthema, cysts and zits, insect bites, nail infections, amongst other types of wounds (32). One study found that a 20% mullein extract application showed significant wound-healing activity in rabbit subjects (33). A scientific article notes that mullein extract treats skin disorders, including soothing chilblains and chapped skin due to its skin moisturizing and conditioning effects (34). That explains why Native Americans use the leaves and flowers as a poultice for hemorrhoids, burns, tumors, and other skin problems.
Anticancer Properties
In 2022, there were over 2.6 million new cases of cancer in the United States, with almost 10 million people who lost their battle worldwide (35,36). That is a lot; however, a diagnosis or genetic predisposition doesn’t define your outcome. Genetics may load the gun, but environmental factors and lifestyle choices often pull the trigger. Thankfully, mullein may help.
One study found that 300 mg of mullein extract inhibited DPPH free radicals by 91.31% and could be used for cancer and infectious diseases (37). In vitro studies found that mullein extract has a notable anti-tumor effect and safety profile (38). Other research shows that mullein inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and exhibits strong cytotoxicity against cancerous cell lines. These findings led researchers to believe it’s a promising candidate for treating human colorectal adenocarcinoma and colon cancer (39).
Safety Information, Contraindications & Interactions
Mullein has fine hairs covering its leaves, which can cause contact dermatitis, presenting as itchy skin irritation. I experience this topical reaction when touching the mullein plant, but not when using it orally or topically. This is because the little hairs get removed from herbal products. As a precaution, harvest and process mullein wearing gloves. Whether you’re using fresh or dried mullein, don’t forget to filter any leftover herb sediment. Also, do a patch skin test before topical use, especially if you have sensitive skin or are prone to allergic reactions.
Aside from that, mullein is one of the safest herbs and is generally well tolerated, with no major contraindications or warnings (40). Richard Whelan, a trusted herbalist since 1989, has had no documented adverse reactions working with this herb. He states there may be an increase in coughing because cleansing of the lungs is expected when mullein is taken for respiratory troubles. He goes on to say this is not a bad sign but rather an indicator that the herb is doing its job (41). Our friends over at LearningHerbs.com have excellent information on its use in herbal practices.
The mainstream narrative will tell you to talk to your doctor before using mullein. Sources like WebMD claim there isn’t enough reliable information to know if mullein is safe or has side effects. They even claim it may be toxic, cautioning against its use with infants, children, pregnancy, and breastfeeding (42). I tend to take the mainstream’s cautions with a grain of salt because herbal experts say otherwise (and so does the science). Of course, an incorrect dose or improper use of herbs may contribute to adverse events, and reactions are always possible, especially allergic reactions, so informed consent is a must.
The Essential Guide to Herbal Safety states that mullein flowers, leaves, and roots are safe during pregnancy and lactation, with no known contraindications or interactions (43). Contrarily, Mosby’s Handbook of Drug-Herb Interactions notes mullein’s high mucilage content may interfere with the absorption of some medications (44). Andy Turner, M.D., over at Naturopathic Pediatrics PRO, advises taking mullein at least 2 hours before or after administering medication (45).
How to Use & Source Mullein Products
Before you can use mullein, you’ve gotta source it. If you can’t forage for it, find a local supplier. If that’s not an option (and sometimes it’s not), Mountain Rose Herbs sells organic mullein (Verbascum thapsus) seeds, chile-grown mullein (Verbascum thapsus) leaf, and US-grown mullein (Verbascum thapsus) leaf. Other reputable herbal suppliers include Anthony’s Goods (also available on Amazon), Frontier Co-op, and Starwest Botanicals (also available on Amazon).
Looking for more reputable herbal suppliers? Check out my blog, 3 Ways to Source Herbs.
My go-to mullein remedies are a homemade simple mullein tincture and herbal tea. Some people even roll up mullein by itself or with cannabis or other herbs to smoke. Mullein is super useful for spastic, dry coughs accompanied by bronchial congestion, such as chest colds, allergies, and other deep respiratory conditions.
My school’s blog has a DIY Herbal Sore Throat Gargle recipe, but I haven’t tried it yet. The School of Evolutionary Herbs has an excellent video highlighting strategies for creating a holistic respiratory formula. Nonetheless, to my understanding, the best preparation methods when working with mullein include the following:
- Herbal infusions (specifically for flowers, leaves, and stems) – use 12-24 grams of herb/day.
- Herbal poultices – check out my school’s blog to learn how to make a poultice from fresh or dried herbs.
- Herbal syrups – learn how to make an herbal syrup
- Herbal tinctures – use 2.5-5 mL of a 1:5 herb-to-alcohol ratio with 40% alcohol, 3x per day, or 30 drops every hour, as needed for acute situations.
- Topical oil infusions from the dried leaves, flowers, and/or roots.
If making your home remedies isn’t quite your thing, I recommend a few premade herbal products, including:
- Gaia Herb’s Mighty Lungs helps maintain lung health and function. Made with mullein, plantain, marshmallow, Schisandra, and more, these vegan phyto-liquid capsules combine both adaptogen and respiratory-supporting herbs.
- Herb Pharm’s Mullein Blend supports the respiratory system. Made from a proprietary blend of the certified organic leaf and flower of Verbascum spp. plants, this herbal extract is rapidly absorbed.
- Herb Pharm’s Mullein Garlic Oil is a blend of mullein, garlic, St. John’s wort, and calendula. The herbs are wildcrafted, hand-harvested, and extracted individually in certified organic olive oil to ensure they’re broad-spectrum.
- MaryRuth’s Organic Respiratory Health Liquid Extract supports your respiratory system and immune function, promoting overall health. If your respiratory system gets irritated by dry air or other minor nuisances, this blend is for you.
- MaryRuth’s Throat Spray is a blend of four traditional herbals for your throat, including mullein, marshmallow, licorice, and thyme. Enjoy this vegan-friendly, easy-to-use spray in a delicious vanilla flavor.
- Mountain Rose Herbs Lung Care Extract is made with soothing demulcent herbs and expectorants, helps support mucous membrane health and promote optimal respiratory function. Breathe deeply and support your lungs with time-honored herbs like elecampane, horehound, marshmallow, mullein, pleurisy, ginger, and licorice.
- Mountain Rose Herbs Chest Care Extract contains aromatic and demulcent herbs, including osha, ginger, elecampane, horehound, licorice, marshmallow, mullein, and pleurisy. All are traditionally employed to encourage healthy respiration, soothe irritated membranes, and assist with normal productive expectoration.
- The Brother’s Apothecary Breathe Well CBD Tea combines powerful respiratory-supporting herbs and antioxidant-rich rooibos tea with delicately sweet vanilla beans. This delicious, smooth tea packs 30 mg of CBD per bag.
- Yogi Breathe Deep is a common organic herbal tea available in most stores. It’s a blend of herbs, including tulsi, ginger, cinnamon, elecampane, cardamom, peppermint, and mullein, to support respiratory health.
Here’s my complete list of mullein product recommendations on Amazon.
Product Disclaimer
Product recommendations are affiliate links. I do not own or make these products. Recommendations are selected according to ingredients at the time article was written and can change at any time. I encourage you to double-check ingredients and research each company to ensure they’re suitable for your journey.
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